Diverse Faith Communities Stand United in
Landmark Supreme Court Case:
UNITED SIKHS Joins Amicus Brief in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical
Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC
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Timeline:
- Nov. 2010:
UNITED SIKHS first joined a Motion for Leave to File an Amicus Brief
("Friend of the Court" Brief) that was submitted to the Supreme Court
- March 2011:
Certiorari was granted (Supreme Court agrees to hear the case) for
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School
- June 2011:
UNITED SIKHS provides input, edits, and comments on the Amicus Brief
before submission to the Supreme Court
- Oct. 2011:
Oral arguments took place in the Supreme Court; decision pending
Washington, D.C.:
UNITED SIKHS and other faith based organizations, earlier this summer,
joined in the submission of an Amicus Brief to the Supreme Court in
support of the position that preserves the integrity of the ministerial
exception, which religious institutions have the right to claim in
matters of employment. An Amicus Brief allows organizations who are not
direct parties to the law suit, but have a strong/ core interest in the
outcome, to submit arguments that assists the court in evaluating the
broader implications of the court's decision in the matter.
At the heart of the ministerial exception is whether religious entities
can require their employees to uphold the religious tenants of the
institution and can make decisions on the hiring and firing of those
who are charged with religious teaching without the threat of court
involvement in religious matters.
UNITED SIKHS' interest in this case stems from the challenges minority
religious institutions would face if the ministerial exception is
eliminated or excessively narrowed. Specifically, “[t]he complications
inherent in civil courts’ efforts to distinguish between the sacred and
secular activities of religious organizations are enhanced with respect
to minority religions whose beliefs and rituals are poorly
understood.”
One example in the Amicus Brief discusses the Sikh tradition of langar.
The Brief argues that “seemingly secular activities take on deep
religious significance within specific faith traditions. For Sikhs, for
example, operating a community kitchen and providing meals (langar) to
the needy and vulnerable is an indispensable element of religious
worship.” (emphasis added).
In one of the most challenging cases to come before the Supreme Court
this term, the Hosanna-Tabor case represents a classic battle between
1st Amendment principles of free exercise and the establishment clause
(religious practice and state/ church separation clauses) weighed
against civil rights protections for those facing unlawful termination
by their employers (i.e. discrimination, retaliation cases).
Professor Garnett, Notre Dame Law School, succinctly lays out the
complexity of this case in stating that:
“The hard question . . . is how to craft reasonably clear, usable
doctrines that will capture, and give effect to, the basic principle
that one dimension of religious freedom is the freedom of religious
communities to choose their own ministers. It would not be enough to
say that only "ordained, full-time clergy" are covered. (Indeed, such a
narrow exception would, in practice, treat some religious traditions
and communities worse than others.)”
This is precisely why faith based groups from all denominations,
including UNITED SIKHS, stepped forward to voice their concern about
secular courts entangling themselves in religious doctrine. It is
clear, both domestically and internationally, that when courts begin to
examine religious practice and doctrine, especially the religious
practice and doctrine of minority faiths, we lose.
During oral arguments in front of the Supreme Court, Professor Laycock
(counsel for the Church), stated that a minister is one who “holds
ecclesiastical office in the church or who exercises important
religious functions, most obviously, including teaching of the faith.”
(emphasis added). In Sikhism, where there is no hierarchy or priestly
class when it comes to dissemination of religious teachings, such an
exemption is important to ensure that those who do not uphold the
religious tenants of Sikhism, be terminated from their positions
without courts evaluating and ultimately ruling on what religious
interpretation is correct.
This case centers on this very issue. Cheryl Perich was hired as a
teacher at Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School, where
she taught secular subjects, but also taught religious classes,
conducted chapel services, and led her students in prayer as a “called
teacher” who earned a certificate of mission into the church’s
“teaching ministry.” Nonetheless, she informed the Church that she was
going to potentially file a discrimination claim against them. The
Church then fired her for not upholding the religious teachings of the
Church that mandated following an internal conflict resolution process.
One can clearly see why when judges weigh religious doctrines of a
particular faith, this would inevitably lead to entanglement of church
and state. Undoubtedly, minority faiths are especially at risk to
having their religious doctrines misinterpreted, and because many
religious organizations (of minority faiths) have employees that may
not fall under a strict definition of “minister,” they may not receive
the same benefits (namely, the protection of the ministerial exception)
that other dominant/ recognized religions receive.
UNITED SIKHS recognizes the competing interests in this case and the
difficulty that arises when two protected rights come into conflict.
However, as Justice Alito stated during oral argument, the 1st
Amendment Establishment Clause was central in “preventing the
government from choosing ministers.” Yet, without having an expansive
definition of who constitutes a “minister,” many minority faiths will
fall outside the very necessary protections provided within the
“ministerial exception.”
Support our advocacy work to put an end to
hate and discrimination against Sikhs.
Volunteer with
UNITED SIKHS, and Donate
to our civil rights advocacy projects.
Issued by:
Hansdeep Singh
Senior Staff Attorney
UNITED SIKHS
law-usa@unitedsikhs.org
646-688-3525
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